7 Oldest Dog Breeds In The World That Still Exist Today

Have you ever wondered which dog breed holds the title of the oldest in the world? The answer isn’t as simple as naming one specific pup. Tracing the lineage of ancient dogs is a journey through fossil records, genetic studies, and centuries of human-canine companionship. While some research, like studies published in Nature, points to domestication occurring 20,000 to 40,000 years ago, archaeological evidence suggests humans and dogs may have bonded as far back as 14,000 years.

These early dogs weren’t just pets; they were hunting partners, protectors, and valued members of ancient societies. The oldest dog breeds have retained much of their original genetic makeup, making them living links to our prehistoric past. Unlike more recent breeds such as Labrador Retrievers or Poodles, these dogs carry traits that helped them survive in harsh environments and build unbreakable bonds with humans over millennia.

In this article, we’ll explore the oldest dog breeds in the world, some still thriving today, offering insight into how these remarkable animals have stood the test of time and remain loyal companions to this day.

Oldest Dog Breeds in the World

1. Basenji

The Basenji, often referred to as the “African Barkless Dog,” is one of the most ancient dog breeds and a genetically distinct dog in the world. With roots tracing back to Central Africa, particularly the region now known as the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Basenjis were prized by local tribes for their keen hunting skills and sharp intelligence.

Their image appears in ancient Egyptian, Babylonian, and Mesopotamian artifacts, suggesting they were revered companions for thousands of years. Known for their elegant build, they typically weigh between 22 and 24 pounds and stand about 16 to 17 inches tall.

Their short, fine coats, upright ears, and tightly curled tails give them a regal, fox-like appearance. Basenjis are also unique for their yodel-like vocalizations, a result of their uniquely shaped larynx.

Care Needs

Basenjis are highly energetic, curious, and intelligent dogs that thrive on daily mental and physical stimulation. PDSA states that Basenjis need a significant amount of exercise and are generally aloof, yet reliable and trustworthy companions. They benefit from structured routines that include play, training, and off-leash time in secured areas.

Due to their independent nature, early socialization and consistent training are essential. Basenjis are fastidious self-groomers, requiring minimal coat maintenance. Regular vet visits are key to managing breed-specific health concerns, such as progressive retinal atrophy and Fanconi syndrome.

Did you know? Basenjis are so clean that they often groom themselves like cats and lack the typical “doggy” odor.

2. Afghan Hound

With roots tracing back over 3,000 years to ancient Afghanistan, the Afghan Hound is among the oldest and most visually distinct dog breeds. According to the AKC, the Afghan Hound is known for being independent and gentle-natured.

Revered for its long, silky coat and elegant build, this dignified hound was originally bred to chase down game like gazelles and leopards in rugged terrains. Known as “Tazi” in its homeland, the Afghan Hound was introduced to the Western world in the early 20th century, where its aristocratic presence quickly made it a favorite in dog shows.

These medium-to-large sighthounds stand about 25–27 inches tall and weigh between 50–60 pounds. Their regal appearance is matched by a range of coat colors, from solid shades to striking combinations like brindle and domino. While the breed is known for its aloof demeanor, Afghan Hounds are affectionate and humorous with those they trust.

Care Needs

Afghan Hounds require daily grooming to maintain their luxurious, tangle-prone coat. Regular brushing, occasional baths, and coat trimming are essential. Their high energy levels demand consistent exercise, long walks, runs, or play sessions in secure, fenced areas.

Despite their grace, Afghan Hounds are skilled jumpers, so proper fencing is crucial. Their independence calls for patient, positive reinforcement training.

Did you know? Afghan Hounds can reach speeds of up to 40 miles per hour and were once used to hunt leopards in their native Afghanistan.

3. Akita Inu 

The Akita Inu, also known as the Japanese Akita or Great Japanese Dog, is an ancient breed tracing back over 5,000 years to Japan’s Jomon period. Originating in the cold, mountainous Akita prefecture, these powerful canines were historically used to hunt large game like bears and boars. WebMD reports that Akitas are a calm and devoted breed, known for their loyalty.

With a strong, muscular build, Akitas stand 24–28 inches tall and weigh between 70–130 pounds. Their plush double coat comes in shades of red, fawn, white, brindle, or sesame, and their signature curled tail and dignified expression make them stand out. Calm and courageous, this breed is also known for its deep loyalty and silent strength.

Care Needs

Akitas require early socialization and firm, consistent training due to their independent nature and protective instincts. They do not tolerate heat well, so cool climates suit them best. Regular exercise is necessary to keep them happy and healthy, but they prefer spending time indoors with their family over being left outside alone.

While generally healthy, they may be prone to conditions like hip dysplasia and hypothyroidism. Their thick double coat requires regular grooming to manage shedding and maintain cleanliness.

Did you know? Helen Keller was gifted the first Akita in the U.S. in 1937, deepening the breed’s legacy as loyal and emotionally intuitive companions.

4. Chow Chow

The Chow Chow, also known as Songshi Quan or “Puffy Lion Dog,” is an ancient breed with origins tracing back over 2,000 years to northern China. Distinguished by its regal, lion-like ruff, curled tail, and famously blue-black tongue, the Chow Chow was historically bred for multiple purposes: herding, guarding, hunting, and even pulling sleds.

These dogs are built solidly, standing 17–20 inches tall and weighing between 45–70 pounds. Their unique, stilted gait and dignified presence highlight their noble lineage. Despite their plush appearance, they are not naturally cuddly and prefer a quiet, predictable environment.

Care Needs

These guard dogs require moderate physical activity, preferring relaxed walks to vigorous play. Their thick double coats, available in rough or smooth textures, demand regular brushing, especially during shedding seasons, to prevent matting. Bathing should be done as needed, and their cleanliness often makes housebreaking easier.

Due to their independent and often aloof temperament, consistent early training and socialization are essential. They are more compatible with experienced pet parents and thrive best in calm households. Routine veterinary visits are important to manage breed-specific health concerns like hip dysplasia and entropion.

Did you know? Chow Chows were so revered in the Tang Dynasty that one emperor reportedly owned over 5,000 of them.

5. Saluki

The Saluki, also known as the “Royal Dog of Egypt,” is one of the oldest known domesticated dog breeds, with roots stretching back over 4,000 years. Originating in the Fertile Crescent, these elegant hounds were prized by Egyptian pharaohs and revered by Arab nomads, who believed they were a gift from Allah.

Often mummified and buried alongside nobility, Salukis symbolized prestige and loyalty. Characterized by their slim, athletic build, feathered ears and tail, and a regal demeanor, they stand 23–28 inches tall and weigh between 40–65 pounds.

Their sleek, graceful physique enables them to reach speeds up to 43 mph, making them exceptional hunters. Coat colors vary widely—from cream and gold to grizzle and black-and-tan.

Care Needs

Salukis are calm indoors but thrive on daily exercise, ideally two hours of activity per day. They require open spaces for sprinting and perform best in secure areas due to their strong prey drive.

These sensitive, independent dogs do not respond well to harsh discipline, so positive reinforcement is key. Their smooth or feathered coats are low-maintenance, needing only occasional baths and brushing.

Did you know? Salukis are listed in the Guinness Book of World Records as the world’s oldest dog breed based on ancient carvings found in Sumer.

6. Xoloitzcuintli

Known as the Mexican Hairless Dog, the Xoloitzcuintli (pronounced show-low-eats-QUEENT-lee), or simply “Xolo,” is a revered breed with roots tracing back over 3,500 years. Regarded as sacred by the Aztecs, its name derives from Xolotl, the Aztec god of lightning and death, and itzcuintli, meaning dog.

These loyal companions were believed to guide souls through the underworld and provide healing warmth through their heat-emitting bodies. The breed exists in three sizes, Toy, Miniature, and Standard, and in two coat types: coated and hairless.

Hairless Xolos may have tufts of coarse hair on the head, feet, and tail tip, while the coated variety features a short, sleek coat. Sizes range from 10 to 23 inches in height and 10 to 55 pounds in weight, with a lifespan of 14–17 years.

Care Needs

Xolos are low-shedding but need skincare due to their hairless skin. Sunscreen and moisturizers are essential to prevent burns and dryness. They thrive on human interaction and require consistent routines, early socialization, and daily exercise.

Despite lacking fur, they are not hypoallergenic, as allergens still exist in their saliva. Their emotional sensitivity means they should not be left alone for extended periods.

Did you know? The Xolos’ lack of premolars makes their ancient remains easily identifiable by archaeologists.

7. Alaskan Malamute

The Alaskan Malamute, also known as the Mahlemut dog, is among the most ancient Arctic working breeds. Named after the Mahlemut Inuit tribe of northwestern Alaska, this large and powerful dog was bred to pull heavy sleds across frozen terrain. Malamutes have broad heads, erect ears, and thick double coats in various shades, often with distinct facial markings.

Males typically stand between 25 to 27 inches tall and weigh up to 85 pounds, while females are slightly smaller. Revered for their strength, stamina, and independence, Malamutes are affectionate with families but need confident, experienced handlers. Their ancestry dates back thousands of years, with origins tied to the dogs that migrated with Paleolithic tribes across the Bering Strait.

Care Needs

These hunting dogs demand vigorous daily exercise to maintain their physical and mental health. A long jog, bike run, or cart-pulling session is ideal. Their dense double coats require regular brushing, especially during seasonal shedding.

These dogs can be food-driven and mischievous, often “talking back” with vocalizations. Owners should also provide high-quality meals, monitor fast eaters, and avoid physical activity immediately after meals.

Did you know? Malamutes once helped their Inuit companions hunt seals, deter polar bears, and haul cargo through snow-laden Arctic landscapes.

Conclusion

From the mountainous terrains of Afghanistan to the imperial courts of ancient China, the world’s oldest dog breeds reflect centuries of companionship, utility, and cultural heritage. Breeds like the Afghan Hound and Chow Chow offer more than just regal beauty; they represent deep-rooted ties to ancient civilizations, including ancient Egypt and the Han Dynasty. These dogs, often recognized by the American Kennel Club, have remained loyal companions, guardians, and hunters over millennia. Whether tracking wild boar or standing watch at temples, they’ve adapted across eras while maintaining their distinct identities.

Today, breeds such as the Shar Pei, Siberian Husky, and Greenland sled dogs still carry the strength and endurance of their ancestors. Though their purposes may have shifted, from working dogs to beloved family members, their noble lineage continues to inspire admiration. Unlike many domestic dogs, these ancient canines share traits with their wild forebears. Even Persian Greyhounds remind us of the enduring bond between humans and other dogs through time.